CARBOHYDRATES
The generic term 'carbohydrate'
includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as
substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols),
by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by
replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino
group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes
derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to
monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. It is noteworthy that about 3%
of the compounds listed by Chemical Abstracts Service (i.e. more than 360
000) are named by the methods of carbohydrate nomenclature.
Note. Cyclitols are generally not
regarded as carbohydrates. Their nomenclature is dealt with in other
recommendations.
Monosaccharides
Parent monosaccharides are
polyhydroxy aldehydes H-[CHOH]n-CHO or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-CO-[CHOH]m-H
with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as
opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without
glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses,
aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars and amino
sugars, and their derivatives, provided that the parent compound has a
(potential) carbonyl group.
Facts
-
Glycogen resynthesis-
after complete depletion takes apporx. 24 hours, with the range of
500-700 total carbohydrates.
-
Ingestion of glucose vs
sucrose give a similar muscle glycogen resynthesis.
-
Ingestion of fructose
better serves as glycogen resythesis in the liver.
